Abstract Background: Scorpions are widely known for the neurotoxic effects of their venoms, which contain peptides affecting ionic channels. Although Colombia is recognized for its scorpion diversity, only a few studies are available describing the venom content. Methods: In this descriptive study, we analyzed the MS/MS sequence, electrophoretic and chromatographic profile linked to a bioinformatics analysis of the scorpions Chactas reticulatus (Chactidae), Opisthacanthus elatus (Hormuridae), Centruroides edwardsii (Buthidae) and Tityus asthenes (Buthidae) from Colombia. Results: Each scorpion showed a specific electrophoretic and chromatographic profile. The electrophoretic profiles indicate the presence of high molecular mass compounds in all venoms, with a predominance of low molecular mass compounds in the Buthidae species. Chromatographic profiles showed a similar pattern as the electrophoretic profiles. From the MS/MS analysis of the chromatographic collected fractions, we obtained internal peptide sequences corresponding to proteins reported in scorpions from the respective family of the analyzed samples. Some of these proteins correspond to neurotoxins affecting ionic channels, antimicrobial peptides and metalloproteinase-like fragments. In the venom of Tityus asthenes, the MSn analysis allowed the detection of two toxins affecting sodium channels covering 50% and 84% of the sequence respectively, showing 100% sequence similarity. Two sequences from Tityus asthenes showed sequence similarity with a phospholipase from Opisthacanthus cayaporum indicating the presence of this type of toxin in this species for the first time. One sequence matching a hypothetical secreted protein from Hottentotta judaicus was found in three of the studied venoms. We found that this protein is common in the Buthidae family whereas it has been reported in other families - such as Scorpionidae - and may be part of the evolutionary puzzle of venoms in these arachnids. Conclusion: Buthidae venoms from Colombia can be considered an important source of peptides similar to toxins affecting ionic channels. An interesting predicted antimicrobial peptide was detected in three of the analyzed venoms.

ABSTRACT A new species of Pamphobeteus Pocock, 1901, is described from the Colombian Andes, Medellín, Antioquia. The biochemistry and molecular characteristics of the venom of this new species (previously identified as Pamphobeteus aff. nigricolor ) has been already described. A detailed taxonomic study, comparing this species with holotypes and additional material of Pamphobeteus species, allowed us to recognize it as new, and to describe it here as Pamphobeteus verdolaga sp. nov. The male of P. verdolaga sp. nov. is distinguished by the palpal bulb with broad embolus, poorly developed apical keel (A), prolateral inferior keel (PI) and prolateral accessory keel (PAc) present but poorly developed, and retrolateral keel (R) of similar length as A. Females are distinguished by the morphology of spermatheca with a wide base and very short oval seminal receptacles, which are curved toward the center. This is the thirteenth species described in Pamphobeteus and the sixth species reported from Colombia. The species description is complemented by a molecular characterization of a partial CO1 sequence.

En animales de pastoreo, el reporte de accidentes ofídicos es muy bajo y, además, presenta un amplio subregistro. A pesar de esto, es de gran utilidad conocer la incidencia de estos accidentes, pues son de gran importancia por las pérdidas económicas que pueden causar en el sector pecuario. Los accidentes por serpientes venenosas, tanto de la familia Viperidae como Elapidae, en caballos y ganado vacuno son frecuentes en muchos lugares del mundo, debido al aumento en la destinación de las tierras para la actividad ganadera. Colombia no es ajena a ello; sin embargo, el registro de este tipo de accidentalidad es muy bajo. En los diferentes reportes de accidentes ofídicos en animales, se ha observado que las principales manifestaciones sistémicas están caracterizadas por complicaciones cardiacas, hemodinámicas y neurotóxicas. Igualmente, se observan efectos locales, los cuales se caracterizan por presencia de hemorragias locales, edema y necrosis. El tratamiento específico utilizado en los accidentes por serpientes es la seroterapia, que consta de inmunoglobulinas G (Sueros IgG) completas o fraccionadas (Faboterápicos Fab o Fab2), específicas para un género o especie.

The report of ophidic accidents in grazing animals is very low, and it is also widely under recorded. In spite of this, it is of great use to know the incidence of these accidents, as they are very important due to the economic loss they may cause to the livestock sector. Accidents caused by poisonous snakes from the Viperidae and Elapidae families in horses and in cattle are very frequent in many parts of the world, given the increase in land destination for livestock. Colombia's case is no different; however, the report of this type of accidents is very low. In the different reports of ophidic accidents in animals, it is observed that the main systemic manifestations are characterized by cardiac, hemodynamic and neurotoxic complications. Likewise, local effects are observed, mainly characterized by the presence of local bleeding, edema and necrosis. The specific treatment used in accidents caused by snakes is serotherapy, which consists of full or fractional immunoglobulin G (IgG Serum) (Fabotherapics Fab or Fab2), specific for a gender or a species.

Em animais de pastoreio, o número de acidentes ofídicos reportado é muito baixo e, além disso, apresenta um amplo sub-registro. Apesar disto, é de grande utilidade conhecer a incidência destes acidentes, pois são de grande importância pelas perdas econômicas que podem causar no setor pecuário. Os acidentes por serpentes venenosas, tanto da família Viperidae como Elapidae, em cavalos e gado são frequentes em muitos lugares do mundo, devido ao aumento na destinação das terras para a atividade pecuarista. A Colômbia não é alheia a isso; porém, o registro deste tipo de acidentalidade é muito bajo. em os diferentes reportes de acidentes ofídicos em animais, se ha observado que as principais manifestações sistêmicas estão caracterizadas por complicações cardíacas, hemodinâmicas e neurotóxicas. Igualmente, se observam efeitos locais, os quais se caracterizam por presença de hemorragias locais, edema e necrose. O tratamento específico utilizado nos acidentes por serpentes é a seroterapia, que consta de imunoglobulinas G (Soros IgG) completas ou fracionadas (Faboterápicos Fab ou Fab2), específicas para um gênero ou espécie.

Los venenos de animales son mezclas complejas de proteínas, péptidos, enzimas y trazas de elementos no proteicos tales como carbohidratos y sales, cuya finalidad es inmovilizar la presa y comenzar a digerirla; algunos de estos compuestos han sido aislados y caracterizados o descritos como toxinas letales, o se les han atribuido acciones potentes sobre proteínas específicas como, por ejemplo, las involucradas en la coagulación sanguínea. Debido al descubrimiento en 1971 del péptido que dio origen al captopril y al entendimiento de los efectos potenciales de las toxinas, se empezóa considerar que los venenos de animales son fuentes ricas en compuestos bioactivos, que no solo proporcionan las herramientas necesarias para descifrar los detalles moleculares de diversos procesos fisiológicos, sino que también sirven como fuente de inspiración para diseñar y desarrollar agentes terapéuticos. Este artículo expone la aplicación de nuevas alternativas terapéuticas y de modelos para el diseño de las mismas basados en algunas moléculas aisladas de venenos de serpientes con alto potencial en campos como la biomedicina y la farmacia.

Animal toxins with high therapeutic potential and their use in biomedicine Animal venoms are complex mixtures of proteins, peptides, enzymes and trace elements such as carbohydrates and salts, which serve to immobilize preys and to begin their digestion. Some of these compounds have been isolated and characterized, or described as lethal toxins, while others have powerful actions on specific proteins, such as those involved in blood coagulation. Due to the discovery in 1971 of the peptide that gave rise to captopril and to a better understanding of the potential effects of toxins, animal venoms started to be considered as rich sources of bioactive compounds, which not only provide the necessary tools to decipher molecular details of various physiological processes, but also are a source of inspiration to design and develop a range of new therapeutic agents. This review presents the application of new therapeutic options or models to design them based on certain molecules isolated from snake venoms, with high potential in fields such as biomedicine and pharmacy.